thestepsofpersonalincomedistribution(a)个人收入分配的环节.ppt

* Welfare regimes in the EU欧盟福利制度 Beveridgian and Bismarckian models. 贝弗里奇和俾斯麦模式 The literature on welfare regimes: 福利制度相关文献资料 Esping Andersen (1990) classification (extended by Ferrera 1996). Esping Andersen（于1990年）的分类（Ferrera于1996年进一步延伸） Usually 4 models: 通常分为四类模式 Social-democratic (Scandinavian); 社会-人口模式（斯堪的纳维亚） Liberal (Anglo-saxon); 自由主义模式 （盎格鲁-撒克逊） Corporative (Continental); 合作模式（欧洲大陆） Southern. 南部模式 Regimes identified interacting the roles of families, state, markets; the degree of targeting and universalism (i.e., stratification); the corporativisms; the decommodification; the financing method. 制度的确立包括了家庭、国家、市场的交织作用；定位性和普惠性的程度；社团主义；去商品化；融资 方法。 The steps of personal income distribution (a)个人收入分配的环节（一） From individuals to households (using equivalence scales); from distribution to redistribution. 从个人到家庭（使用均等比）；从分配到再分配。 Individual labour earnings: 个人劳动收入 Hourly wages, time of work, unemployment spells. 小时工资，工作时长，失业持续时间 Household (equivalised) market incomes: 家庭的市场收入 Household composition (number of components, ages); 家庭结构（家庭成员的人数和年龄） Employment rates (number of income recipients); 就业率（有收入人员的数量） Non labour earnings. 没有劳动收入的人员 Household (equivalised) disposable incomes: 家庭的可支配收入 Detracting personal taxes and adding cash transfers. 去除个人税，加上现金转移支付 How to impute in kind benefits, imputed rents, tax expenditures, consumption taxes? Usually not considered = disposable instead than full income 怎样估算实物福利，怎样估算租金，怎样估算税项支出和消费税？通常来讲不考虑=可支配收入代替全收入 Different mechanisms of inequality in the various steps. 不同的环节有不同的应对不平等的机制 Public policies can act in all steps = redistrib. or predistrib.? 可以在所有的环节采取公共政策=再分配或预分配？ * The steps of personal income distribution (b)个人收入分配的环节（二） Different mechanisms of inequality acting (interacting or in contrast each other) in the various steps. 不同的环节具有不同的应对不平等的机制（之前相互联动或相反） Public policies clearly affect distribution through redistributive measures (tax transfers, despite the difficulty of considering o