翻译理论与实践2.ppt

英汉语言对比及互译对策 英汉语言对比 英、汉语言的共相1.词类划分 1)都分为实词、虚词两大类 2)实词中的名、数、动、形、副、代词的语法功能基本相似 3)虚词中的介词、连词、语气词的语法功能也有不少相同点 2. 句子要素 1)都有主、谓、宾（表）、定、状语，特别是主语和谓语。 2)基本句型无太大差别，尤其是在叙述性语言中（如公文、条款、新闻语言、科技文献以及一般应用文体），英汉句子结构基本对应的情况比较常见。 [例1] People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is. [译文]人们总是在谈论“青年人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是人——是跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人呵老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是青年人的光辉未来在他们牵头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许这就是问题之所在。 [例2]汉语词组有名次词组和动词词组。以名词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在剧中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语，在剧中作用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提到词或词组，其中词组则和前面说到的词往往起同一作用。 [译文]Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases. A phrase with a noun as its core, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known as nominal phrase. A phrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, functioning as a verb in a sentence, is known as verbal phrase. Moreover, in usage notes, sometimes “a word or phrase” is used and the “phrase” here usually has the same function as the “word” mentioned before. 二 英、汉语言的差异及基本对策1. 词汇的形态变化（英语：有；汉语：无） 英语词汇有丰富的形态变化，例如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态和语气以及非谓语的变化，名词有格和数的变化，形容词和副词有级的变化等等。 英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子的语言关系和逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、语序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义 对策英译汉：翻译英语的形态变化时，汉语一般用加词或变换说法。汉译英：将汉语的时态、语态、情态、语气等用英语的形态变化表达。 [例1]They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter. [译文]他们说到今年冬天时刘教授在这里教书要满二十年了。 [例2]His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. [译文]主人的冷遇使他更加不舒服。 [例3]I could have laughed to he