电池发展历史、现状及趋势分析报告.ppt

锌镍电池 二次电池 锂离子电池 二次电池 锂离子电池 二次电池 二次电池 锂电池材料 二次电池 聚合物 干聚合物 聚合物－凝胶 聚合物－溶液 二次电池 锂二次电池 二次电池 可充碱性锌锰电池 二次电池 电化学电容器 电容器 电化学电容器 电解电容器 电化学电容器 电化学电容器 电化学电容器 1000m2/g * 5uF/cm2 * 10000 = 50F/g 电化学电容器 电化学电容器 电化学电容器 e- 2H2 ? 4H+ + 4e- 2H2 + 4OH- ? 4H2O + 4e- 2H2 ? 4H+ + 4e- ? CH3OH + ? H2O ? ? CO2 + 4H+ + 4e- O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- ? 2CO32- 2H2 + 2CO32- ? 2CO2 + 2H2O + 4e- or 2CO + 2CO32- ? 4CO2 + 4e- O2 + 4e- ? 2O2- 2H2 + 2O2- ? 2H2O + 4e? or 2CO + 2O2- ? 2CO2 + 4e? or ? CH4 + 2O2- ? ? CO2 + H2O + 4e? Oxidant Fuel Current Load Electrolyte Residual oxidant and water Residual fuel and product gases Li2CO3 + K2CO3 in LiAlO2 CO32- YSZ O2- PAFC AFC PEMFC DMFC MCFC SOFC + e- O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ? 2H2O H3PO4 H+ O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ? 4OH- KOH OH- O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ? 2H2O Polymer H+ O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ? 2H2O Acid or polymer H+ 燃料电池的类型 燃料电池固定电站 PAFC systems ? most commercially advanced ? 150 – 220 °C ? operates on H2 ( low S, low C, CO2 tolerant ) ? efficiency 35 – 45 % ? start-up time 1 – 4 h 1 MW power plant 5 × 200 kW units Anchorage, Alaska ( UTC ) PEMFC systems ? trials with 250 kW units ? 80 – 90 °C ? operates on pure hydrogen ? efficiency 40 – 60% ? responsive to load changes ? fast start-up time ( 6 min ) 1 kW ( Ballard / Tokyo Gas ) SOFC systems ? trials with 100 – 250 kW units ? 700 – 1000 °C ( suitable for cogeneration operations ) ? operates on a variety of fuels, inexpensive catalysts ? efficiency 45 – 50 % ? slow response to load changes (best for base-load) ? difficult materials science problems ? slow start-up ( 1 – 5 h ) 220 kW SOFC–gas turbine system (Siemens Westinghouse ) 混合动力电源 Principal difficulties with fuel cell vehicles Fuel ? availability and supply ? compact and lightweight storage Vehicle requirements ? fast start-up from cold ? intermittent operation ? hydroca