人机交互-天津大学智能与计算学部.ppt

信息技术发展史 石红 CC2005大纲 “计算”与通信技术发展史 信息技术对社会影响的回顾 人机交互方式的演变 互联网的发展 “计算”技术发展 早期：数学、逻辑、电子学、程序语言、程序设计 20世纪60-70年代：数据结构与算法、计算机原理、编译技术、操作系统、数据库系统原理 20世纪80年代以后：并行与分布计算、网络技术、软件工程等 “计算”技术发展 单机 集群：并行应用程序 网格：动态性、异构性（对存储、网络和计算资源进行了集成，如不同操作系统的不同机器）、分布性（网络分布）、可扩展性 云计算：试图将各种资源看成一个虚拟资源中心，然后向外提供相应的服务；试图以松耦合的方式，将大量的计算资源连接在一起，提供单个计算资源所无法完成的超级计算能力；提供通用计算功能 计算机的发展 法国数学家Pascal 1642年发明齿轮式加法器 In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. gear-driven one-function calculator (only add) exorbitant cost Not accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision) same mechanism used in present car digital dashboards, the odometer portion of a cars speedometer to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the prior wheel. Pascal was a child prodigy. At the age of 12, he was discovered doing his version of Euclids thirty-second proposition on the kitchen floor. Pascal went on to invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and the syringe. 1673年德国数学家莱布尼兹发明通用计算器（十进制加减乘除运算） the German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz，co-inventor with Newton of calculus This calculator （called the stepped reckoner）employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a stair-step fashion Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers. In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the fabric) upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards,held together in a long row by rope. 1822年英国数学家巴贝奇发明机械式数字微分机 政府资助，建造困难，耗资巨额，十年时间项目未完成 steam driven calculating the size of a room to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables 1833年，分析机 large as a house and powered by 6 steam engines programmable，for general purpose the punched card technology of Jacquard Two main parts: store and mill—— （ memory unit and the central proc