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Tax Incidence and Own-Price Elasticities Around p = p* the own-price elasticity of supply is approximately Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* No tax Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* $t An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t, raises the buyers’ price and lowers the quantity traded. $t pb qt Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t, raises the buyers’ price and lowers the quantity traded. $t pb qt And sellers receive only ps = pb - t. ps Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* No tax Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t $t Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t, lowers the sellers’ price and reduces the quantity traded. $t qt ps Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t, lowers the sellers’ price and reduces the quantity traded. $t pb pb qt pb And buyers pay pb = ps + t. ps Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* A sales tax levied at rate $t has the same effects on the market’s equilibrium as does an excise tax levied at rate $t. $t pb pb qt pb ps $t Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Who pays the tax of $t per unit traded? The division of the $t between buyers and sellers is the incidence of the tax (税收分担). Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* pb pb qt pb ps Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* p
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