语言学导论-第4章Syntax.pptVIP

Sentence Structure: Syntax;Syntax 句法学;Transformational Generative Grammar (TG) ; Criteria on good grammar ;Categories 范畴;Word-level categories;Major lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Minor lexical categories Determiner (Det) 限定词: the, a, this, those Degree (Deg) 程度词: quite, very, more, so Qualifier (Qual) 修饰词: often, always, seldom, almost Auxiliary (Aux) 助词: must, should, can, might Conjunction (Con): and, but, or;Criteria to determine word categories Meaning： the type of meaning that they express Inflection： the type of affixes that they take Distribution the type of structures in which they occur;;;;Exercise;Phrase categories;The structure: a picture on the wall + head + 标志语 中心词 补语 Head: the word around which a phrase is formed Specifier: the words on the left side of the heads Complement: the words on the right side of the heads;Phrase structure rules 短语结构规则;Specifier X Complement Head;Exercise;Coordination rule 并列规则;Phrase elements 短语成分;Specifiers 标志语;Complements 补语;There can be no complement, one complement, or more than one complement in a phrase, E.g., a VP: appear, break ..., put… A sentence-like construction may also function as a complement, E.g., I believed that she was innocent. I doubt if she will come. Complementizers 补语化成分: that/if: Complement clause : the clauses introduced by complementizers. Complement phrase (CP) ;Modifiers 修饰语;Exercise;Sentences (the S rule) ; ;Infl realized by a tense label;Infl realized by an auxiliary;Transformations 转换 ;Auxiliary movement (inversion);Auxiliary movement (inversion);Do insertion;E.g.: Will the train arrive? The XP rule the train will arrive Transformations Will the train arrive;The organization of the syntactic component;Wh-movement;Wh-