国际贸易专业英语第二版课件檀文茹主编 ISBN9787811343076lesson 2.pptVIP

Unit Two The Goals and Instruments of International Trade Policy Pre-reading Questions Do you have any idea about what a trade policy is? What are the possible objectives in formulating a international trade policy? What instruments could be used to realize the goals of the international trade policy? What trade policies has China adopted? Are free trade policies the best for each nation in the world? Autarky At one extreme is the objective of autarky or natural self-sufficiency. Economic Welfare At the opposite extreme to autarky lies the goal of economic welfare that springs from the conception of international trade and investment as an opportunity to reap the benefits of international specialization. Protectionism the protection of domestic producers against the free competition of imports by regulating their volume through tariffs, quotas and the like. Stable Levels of Employment Contemporary governments try to restrain inflation while at the same time sustaining employment, although they are commonly frustrated by conflicts between the policies needed to achieve these goals. Balance of Payments Sooner or later, all nations are compelled to remedy deficits in their balance of payments, whether through market adjustments or controls. When a nation’s reserve is low and its balance of payments is weak, the objective of payments equilibrium may come to dominate other objectives of its foreign economic policy and even of its domestic policy. Economic Development tariffs and other restrictive devices are employed to protect “infant industries” or to keep out “nonessential” consumer goods. On the other hand, capital goods and other “essential” imports are encouraged by subsidies or favorable exchange quotas. Exports may also be regulated in an attempt to promote economic development. Agreements and Treaties Much of the foreign economic policy of a nation is effected through agreements and treaties with other nations. For the most part, the legal rights that ind