英语语言文化史1.ppt

A Cultural History  of the English Language;Agenda Introduction Old English Middle English Early Modern English Present-Day English World Englishes ;Introduction ; ;;Funtions of Language??;The Origin of Language;Five Theories of the Origins of Language;The top 20 languages;Language Families;Types of Linguistic Classification ;;Isolating, analytic or root languages Inflectional (Fusional) languages Agglutinating languages Polysynthetic languages;;;Agglutinating languages : 粘着语: words are built up out of a long sequentce of units, with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning, in a clear one-to-one way. Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Swahili斯瓦希里人语, Turkish, Japanese form words in this way. Examples in Estonian 1. Ta on kohvikus. he is coffee–house–in ‘He is in the coffee house.’ 2. L?hme kohvikusse. go–we coffee–house–into ‘Let us go into the coffee house.’ 3. Ma tulen uuest kohvikust. I come new–from coffee–house–from ‘I am coming out of the new coffee house.’ ;Polysynthetic languages 多式综合语: words are foten very long and complex, containing a mixture of aglutinating and inflectional features. They consist of long strings of stems and affixes, which may translate as an entire English sentence, as in Eskimo, Mohawk, Australian languages. 1. riku–yki ‘I see you.’ 2. riku–yki–…ik ‘I see you all.’ 3. riku–yki–ku ‘We see you.’ riku: ‘see’ yki: first person singular actor and second person singular object …ik: marks object as plural ku: marks actor as plural;The Language Families of the World ;The Indo-European Family ;Discovery of Sanskrit “The Sanskrit language, …, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, … there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Celtic , though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit; and the Old Persian might be added to the same family” ; ;Germanic ;Lang