英语语言文化史2.ppt

A Cultural History of the English Language II  -- Old English Period ;Agenda ;;;The earliest possible inhabitants on the island-- Celts. ;Roman Invasion ;Romanisation of the Island;The Germanic Conquest;Germanic tribes and regions in England where they mainly settled. Saxons — South of the Thames (West Saxon area) Angles — Middle and Northern England (Mercia and Northumbria), including lowland Scotland Jutes — South-East of England (Kent);The Scandinavian Invasions of England;;;;; ;;Linguistic Development ;Key features of OE Old English was synthetic rather than analytic or isolating; The noun,verb, adjective, determiner and pronound were highly inflected. The word order was not as rigid as in present-day English; There were weak and strong declensions词尾变化, 格变化 of nouns and adjectives; The vocabulary of IE was overwhelmingly Germanic in character. ;;;;;;;OE Syntax The most frequently found orders were verb-second order in main clauses, and verb-final order in dependent clauses. Lets look at some German sentences: e.g. Mein Freund fragt mich nach meiner Meinung zu dieser Sache. 我的朋友问我对此事的看法 Er hat seiner gute Stellung verloren. 他把好位置给忘了。 Ich kenne die Studentin, deren Schwester in Shanghai wohnt. ;;Compunding : compounds were usually used to make nouns or adjectives. e.g. lar + hus = school dim + hus = prison blod + read = blood-red daeges + eage = days eye = daisy Affixing: affixing is a term that covers prefixing and suffixing in OE. Suffix in OE were usually ued to transform one part of speech into another, while prefixes were generally used to change the semantic force of a particular word. ;e.g. -dom: wis + dom = wisdom - -ig : blod + ig = bloody - be-, bi-: gan = to go began = to cross, walk across sittan = to sit besittan = to besiege - ge-: to form past participle findan --