特定要素模型(Specific.ppt

Chapter 3 特定要素模型（Specific Factors and Income Distribution） 导论（Introduction） 特定要素模型（The Specific Factors Model） 特定要素模型中国际贸易（International Trade in the Specific Factors Model） 收入分配与贸易得益（Income Distribution and the Gains from Trade） 贸易的政治经济学（The Political Economy of Trade: A Preliminary View） 总结（Summary） 附录（Appendix: Further Details on Specific Factors） Introduction导论 Trade has substantial effects on the income distribution within each trading nation.不同国家之间的贸易对收入分配产生较大的影响 There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income:两个主要原因 Resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from one industry to another.资源不能无成本和快速地从一个行业转向另外一个行业。 Industries differ in the factors of production they demand。行业对生产要素的需要不同 The specific factors model allows trade to affect income distribution.特定要素模型考虑了贸易对收入分配的影响。 3-1 The Specific Factors Model Assumptions of the Model（模型假设） Assume that we are dealing with one economy that can produce two goods, manufactures and food.（一个国家能生产两种商品：制造品和粮食） There are three factors of production; labor (L), capital (K) and land (T for terrain).（三种生产要素） Manufactures are produced using capital and labor (but not land).（生产制造品只使用劳动力和资本，不需要土地） Food is produced using land and labor (but not capital). Labor is therefore a mobile factor that can be used in either sector.（粮食生产只需要劳动力和土地，劳动力可以在两个生产部门流动） Land and capital are both spe‘cific factors that can be used only in the production of one good.（土地和资本是特定要素） Perfect Competition prevails in all markets.（完全竞争） How much of each good does the economy produce?一个经济体不同商品各生产多少 The economy’s output of manufactures depends on how much capital and labor are used in that sector.生产多少依赖于要素投入的多少 This relationship is summarized by a production function.产出与投入之间的关系可由生产函数来概括。 The production function for good X gives the maximum quantities of good X that a firm can produce with various amounts of factor inputs.商品X的生产函数是不同要素投入所能生产出商品X的最大数量。 For instance, the production function for manufactur