北大心理学课件-第十周课程(2).ppt

第七章 注意 第十周（2） 注意的研究历史 构造主义心理学：冯特（1908）《情感和注意心理学》 机能主义：W. James (1892)《心理学教科书》 行为主义 格式塔心理学 认知心理学 Two types of attention Focused attention Divided attention Focused attention Focus on (select) what’s relevant and ignore what’s irrelevant. Present two or more inputs and see how well people can concentrate on one and ignore the other. Stroop effects: name the color a word is printed in while ignoring the word itself. Divided attention Present two or more inputs and see how well people can concentrate on more than one. Studies of divided attention often used in designing aircraft --how well can people use information from several dials and indicators at once. Results from studies such as this are used to design displays that maximize people’s ability to pay attention to multiple sources of information. 一、注意研究中的主要变量 Dependent Variables: Reaction time is by far the preferred variable and is extensively used. Percentage of correct responses is also used, especially in studies of attention in which memory plays a role. When an experiment is framed within the context of a particular model, such as the theory of signal detection, derived statistics such as d′and ? are also used as dependent variables. 一、注意研究中的主要变量 Independent Variables: These variables center around the need for the human to make decisions and the rate at which such decisions can be made. varying the number of alternatives; varying the presentation rate of a series of stimuli; 一、注意研究中的主要变量 Control Variables: Perceptual factors such as the intensity and duration of stimuli are often under the control of a computer or other automated equipment that conducts the experiment. 二、过滤器模型及其双耳同时分听实验的依据 对注意的研究是从有关信息缩减问题开始的。人类的各种感官每时每刻都在同时受到许许多多的内外刺激的撞击，由于人类信息加工系统的能力是有限的，人不可能对所有撞击感官的刺激都进行完善加工，所以，人们总是选择重要的而忽略其他的。 因此，注意的核心问题也就是对信息的选择分析。 （一）单通道的过滤器模型 过滤器模型（filter model）是英国心理学家Broadbent（1958）在双耳同时分听实验的基础上提出的一个较早的注意模型。 （一）单通道的过滤器模型 Broadbent认为，来自外界的信息是大量的，而人的神经系统高级中枢的加工能力则是有限的，于是就出现了瓶颈。为了避免系统超载，就需要某种过滤器来对之加以调节，选择其中较少的信息，