语默不二：默即语和语即默——儒释道的语言传播理论研究之禅宗全篇.doc

　　[摘 要]在禅宗语言传播理论中，禅理与语言的关系问题始终是禅师们关注的焦点和重点。所谓的不立文字、不离文字之说，只不过是语默权便的两种极端的形式。或语或默，或语默不二，或有字或无字，禅宗的语言传播理论总是在语默两极之间来回震荡。“不立文字”，是“不可说”和“说不得”，与此相应，创立了若干解构语言、取消文字，截断理路、直指人心的传播方法，要而言之，有无语而语的默照静观和以棒喝为主的非言语传播两大类。“不离文字”，是“说不可说之说”和“说不得的东西如何去说”，但也并非完全是用语言文字来传道布法，而往往采用“绕路说禅”，与语言文字保持着不即不离的关系。这正是禅宗所要摆脱的悖论，也因此产生了非常丰富的语言传播理论，值得我们深入、细致地去挖掘和总结，并把它们用到当下的人类传播中去。 [关键词]不立文字；不离文字；语默不二；禅宗语言传播理论 Keeping Silence as Speaking: Silence is Speaking and Speaking is Silence--Zen Theories of Language CommunicationChen Xuejun(Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China)Abstract: The relationship between Zen wisdom and language has always been the focus of the language communication theory of Zen. The so-called language-independent theory and language-dependent theory are nothing but the two extreme patterns of the view that speaking and keeping silence are adaptable to each other. The language communication theory of Zen always swings back and forth between spe aking and keeping silence. The language-independent theory means that things cannot or should not be said, hence the communicating methods of de-constructing language and observing the inner world; to put it briefly, they are two kinds of non-verbal communication. The language-dependent theory centers on speaking the unspeakable and how to utter what should not be uttered; such theories, however, does not necessarily mean how to preach through language, but rather they imply through foregrounding Zen, namely, maintaining a distance relationship with language. Such a paradox makes what Zen should escape, and results in abundant language communication thoughts which require careful studying, summarizing and using in the present human communication. Key words: independence from language; dependence upon language; mutual reference between silence and speaking; language communication theory of Zen 一、禅宗语言传播理论的哲学基础：止止不须说，我法妙难思《牛津英语辞典》将“传播”定义为思想、知识等的传递、表达或交换；《哥伦比亚百科全书》将“传播”定义为思想和信息的转移，与货物和人的转移（即运输）相对。尽管对于传播有各种各样的定义，但归纳起来，不