物流作业成本管理.PPT

HAPPY TIME * Without some stress, people would have no energy. Accordingly, stress reduction programs should target the dysfunctional aspects of stress. One way to reduce stress is to make sure that employees are properly matched to their jobs and that they know the extent of their “authority.” Furthermore, by letting employees know precisely what is expected, role conflict and ambiguity can be minimized. On-the-job stress can also be reduced by redesigning jobs and encouraging employee participation. Many companies have started employee assistance and wellness programs. An extension of substance abuse programs started in the 1940s, employee assistance programs (EAPs) have focused on new areas, such as health care. And studies suggest that organizations can save $5 for every EAP dollar spent. Designed to keep workers healthy, wellness programs focus on weight control, stress management, or physical fitness. Studies show that such programs control health care costs and reduce health related absenteeism. * Research shows that, to some extent, decision making practices differ from country to country. Therefore, the cultural background of a manager will influence his or her decision making preferences: for example, group versus individual decisions, participative or autocratic decisions, and degree of acceptable risk. Decision making in Japan, for example, is much more group oriented than in the United States. The Japanese value conformity and cooperation. Before making decisions, Japanese CEOs gather large amounts of information, which is then used in consensus-forming group decisions called ringisei. Because employees in Japanese organizations have a high degree of job security, managerial decisions take a long-term perspective rather than focus on short-term profits as is often the practice in the United States. As managers deal with employees from diverse cultures, they must recognize what is common and accepted behavior when asking them to make decisions. Manage