考研英语阅读2003t3.pptx

merge vt. 合并；使合并；吞没 vi. 合并；融合 supersystem n.超系统；超级体系 heightened 增强的，提高的 monopoly[m?nɑp?li] n. 垄断；垄断者；专卖权;In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly（结果状语）.;ton-mile n. 吨英里 As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.;merger n合并；并购 well over 大大超过 freight vt. 运送；装货；使充满 n. 货运；运费；船货 ;Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.;第一段作用 介绍铁路运输行业的合并趋势，并提出担忧：合并会不会产生垄断;allow for考虑到，虑及，使…可以，让…可能 substantial[s?b?st?n??l] adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的 n. 本质；重要材料 reduction n. 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应 coordinated adj. 协调的;Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.;fierce adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的；暴躁的 violent adj. 暴力的；猛烈的 fell adj. 凶猛的；毁灭性的;Any threat of monopoly, they argue(插入语), is removed by fierce competition from trucks.;bulk n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块 vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要 coal n. 煤；煤块；木炭 chemical n. 化学制品，化学药品 adj. 化学的 grain n. 粮食;throat have SB by the throat 扼住某人的喉咙;But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat;第二段作用 1.有人支持合并，列举了合并的好处，并给出理由不必担心垄断：除了铁路还有其他的运输方式 2.运货商抱怨，很多时候他们除了铁路别无选择;consolidation n. 巩固；合并；团结 consolidate vt. 巩固，使固定；联合 vi. 巩固，加强;The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.;captive adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的 n. 俘虏；迷恋者 capture vt. 俘获；夺得；捕捉，拍摄，录制 n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏 Typically adv. 代表性地；通常地;Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.;appeal to v. 呼吁；上诉；要求；对…有吸引力 relief n. 救济；减轻，解除；安慰；浮雕 extreme adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的 n. 极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物;Shippers who feel they are bein