第5讲动词种类和时态.ppt

* 第5讲　动词种类和时态 (一)动词 1．动词分类 根据动词的词义及在句中所起的作用，可将动词分为实义动词、系动词、助动词 和情态动词。 2．实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词，是有实在意义的动词， 在句中能单独作谓语。实义动词 又分为及物动词(能直接跟宾语的动词)和不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语的动词)。 及物动词(vt.)后面需要跟宾语，意思才完整。 He spent his childhood and youth in Shanghai.(vt.) What are you going to do with so many eggs？(vt.) 不及物动词(vi.)不能直接跟宾语，但往往在其后加上介词后就可以跟宾语了。 How are you going to deal with so many eggs？(vi.) If anything happens to him, please let me know at once.(vi.) 注意：很多动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。 He is cooking. He is cooking some fish. I have tried my best to improve my maths, but my maths hasnt improved． 3．系动词 系动词有一定的词义，但不完整，在句中不能单独作谓语，必须和其后面的表语 一起构成谓语。 常见的系动词有： (1)表状态、保持某种状态的：be, keep, stay, remain等。 Their classroom is/keeps/stays very clean. (2)表感官的：look, seem, appear, sound, smell, taste，feel等。 The meat on the table looks very nice, but it tastes terrible. (3)表变化的：become, get, turn, fall, come, go, grow等。 I hope that all of your dreams can come true one day. She turned off the lights and fell asleep very soon. 4．助动词 助动词无词义，也不能独立作谓语， 用于帮助构成某种时态、语态、疑问句、否定句或加强语气等。 常用的助动词有： be(am/is/are/was/were), do(do/does/did), have(have/has/had), will(will/would), shall(shall/should)等。 He is watching TV in the living-room now. I dont have any money with me today. Was the classroom cleaned yesterday? He did do his homework yesterday. 5．情态动词 情态动词表示说话人的语气或态度，有词义， 但不完整，须跟其他动词(一般 跟动词原形)一起构成谓语；它本身没有人称和数的变化；在其后加not即构成否 定，将其提前即构成疑问。常见的情态动词有can, may, must, need, should等。 (1)can 能够，会 ①表能力。 He can speak Japanese very well. ＝He is able to speak Japanese very well. ②表请求、许可。 —Can I sit next to you? —Of course, you can./Sorry, you cant. 注意：此处也可以用may/might/could，但might, could并不表示过去，只是 语气更加委婉。 —Could you tell me how to get to the cinema? —Yes, I can. (2)may表请求、许可，意为“也许，可能”。 —May I use your bike? —Yes, you may./No, you cant/mustnt. 注意：may的否定回答要用cant或mustnt, 不能用may not。 (3)must表义务，意为“必须”。 —Must I wash them now? —Yes, you must./No, you neednt (dont have to)． 注意：否定回答不能用must