Memory-普通心理学-记忆 课件.ppt

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Remembering Three kinds of memory tasks Relearning Measuring retention in terms of the percentage of time or learning trials saved in relearning material compared with the time required to learn it originally; also called the savings method Savings score The percentage of time or learning trials saved in relearning material over the amount of time or number of learning trials required for the original learning College students demonstrate the relearning method each semester when they study for comprehensive final exams Nature of Remembering Memory as a reconstruction Elizabeth Loftus Believes that what a person normally recalls is not an exact replica of an event Rather, a memory is a reconstruction Reconstruction A memory that is not an exact replica of an event but has been pieced together from a few highlights, using information that may or may not be accurate Nature of Remembering Distortion in memory Occurs when people alter the memory of an event or an experience in order to fit their beliefs, expectations, logic, or prejudices The tendency to distort makes the world more understandable and enables people to organize their experiences into their existing systems of beliefs and expectations Bahrick and others Found that 89% of college students accurately remember the A’s they earned in high school, but only 29% accurately recall the D’s Nature of Remembering Sir Frederick Bartlett Studied memory using rich and meaningful material learned and remembered under more lifelike conditions Concluded that people systematically distort the facts and the circumstances of experiences Information already stored in long-term memory exerts a strong influence on how people remember new information and experiences Nature of Remembering Schemas The integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person encodes and recalls information Schemas influence what people