心理学专业英语12章.ppt

LABORATORY The most scientific method because the Manipulation of the independent variable indicate cause and effect. Laboratory increase control and accurate measurement of variables thus more objectivity. Laboratory standardization means greater ability to replicate (repeat again) the study. 这是最科学的方法，因为： 操纵因变量可以显示出因果关系。 实验室增加了控制以及对于因变量的精确测量，因此更加客观。 实验室标准化意味着研究的可重复性增强。 LABORATORY Total control over all variables is not possible. Artificial laboratory conditions may produce unnatural behavior that lacks ecological validity ( results do not generalize to real life). Results more likely to be biased by sampling, demand characteristic, experimenter expectancy. May raise ethical problems of deception, etc. 对所有变量的完全控制是不可能的。 人工的实验室条件可能会导致非自然的行为，因此会导致缺乏生态效度（导致不能推广到真实情境中去）。 结果更可能受到取样偏差、需求特性、实验者期望效应的影响。 可能引起很多关于欺骗的道德问题。 FIELD FESHBACH AND SINGER(1971) Feshbach and Singer manipulate the independent variable of “exposure to aggression” to see what effect it had on dependent variable of “imitation of aggression in children” by showing boys in a residential school either Aggressive television or Non-aggressive televisionThis field study was conducted over 6 weeks, during which the boys’ aggression was rated. Feshbach and Singer 操纵自变量“暴露于攻击行为中”观察对于自变量“儿童模仿攻击性”的影响，通过向寄宿制儿童展示： 攻击性行为的电视节目， 或者，非攻击性行为的电视节目。 这项现场实验实施了六周，期间评定儿童的攻击性行为。 FIELD Has greater ecological validity than laboratory experiments, since behavior occurs in its own natural environment. Less bias from sampling (subject do not have to be brought into the laboratory ) and demand characteristic ( if subject are unaware of being tested). 相对于实验室实验来说，具有更高的生态效度，因为行为是发生在他们自己的自然环境中的。 取样偏差少（被试没有被带入到实验室中）以及需求特征少（如果被试没有意识到被观测）。 FIELD More bias likely from extraneous variables, due to greater difficulty of controlling all aspects of experiment outside the laboratory. More difficult to replicate exactly. Possibly more time consuming. Ethical problems of consent, deception, invasion of privacy, etc. 可能会有来自额外变量的更多的偏差，因为在实验室外控制实验的所有方面