第讲：城市改革的进展和问题.doc

中国经济专题-2003年春-第十一讲 PAGE PAGE 1 第十一讲：城市改革的进展和问题 （《中国经济专题》教学影音资料第13讲－上、下） O. Review 1. The problems to be solved Incentive Coordination Structure Imbalance 2. The approaches A. Before 1978 Structure—中央调整农轻重比例 协调-改变条、块管理，但一放就活，一活就乱 激励：学雷锋，但不能每人都成雷峰 B. After 1978 结构—中央调整农轻重比例 协调-改变条、块管理，但一放就活，一活就乱 激励：强调物质利益 3. The enterprise reform Approach: I) Increasing autonomy A. Profit sharing and partial autonomy in production and marketing decision; enterprises were required to meet the quota obligations. (1979) Problem: quota evasion, managerial discretion, declining fiscal revenue. B. Separating Profit and tax. (1983) Problem: hard to define costs due to weak auditing. C. Contract (1987) II) Defining property rights A. Modern corporation system Stock-holding (1991) Evaluation: Incentive and efficiency increase but profitability and fiscal revenue decline. 4. Resource Allocation System Reform Approach: Single Track to dual-track System, to Single market track Enterprise autonomy and the emergence of market track B. Procedures: Materials: 1979-84, allowing outside quota production and marketing 1984-, reducing compulsory quota Foreign exchange management: Expand regional autonomy Reduce compulsory plan and replace it with indicative plan Change single-item trading company to multiple-item trading company Foreign exchange retention Foreign Exchange Swap Financial system 建立银行体系 *People’s bank was the sole bank before 1979 *Agriculture Bank of China, 1979 *Setting Bank of China branches, 1979 *Bank of Industry and Commerce and People’s insurance company, 1984 *People’s Bank of Construction, 1985 存贷挂钩， 发展非银行金融机构 建立资本市场: Shanghai and Shenzhen Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange, 1990 The financial system is still in the dual-track stage and until under the state’s firm control. 评估: 非国有部门的发展和产业结构的调整 . 5. Macro policy reform Form Dual track to market track Material price: plan price, barter, dual price, market price Exchange rate: official rate, swap marke