城市雾霾防护思路.ppt

Ontario Medical Association Smog-Health Workshop? What is smog? A mixture of air pollutants, dominated by ground-level ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. Fine particulate matter is primarily formed from chemical reactions in the atmosphere and through fuel combustion. Health Effects of Air Pollution Very well documented Cardiac Respiratory impacts Pyramid of health effects - ranging from minor illness to premature death Immediate and long-term effects Chronic Effects The Netherlands Respiratory Study (Janssen et al. 2003) Traffic density is associated with children’s symptoms and lung function decrements ACS Study (Pope et al. 2004) 8-18% increase in ischemic heart disease, dysrrhythmias, heart failure and cardiac arrest for an increase in 10mg/m3 in PM2.5 Children’s Health Study in California (Gaudemann et al. 2004). PM2.5, NO2 acid vapour and elemental carbon were associated with deficits in lung growth in adolescents from the age of 10-18 years Norwegian Men’s Cohort (Nafstad et al., 2004) 8% increase in ischemic heart diseases mortality, 11% for lung cancer mortality and 16% for respiratory mortality other than lung cancer for a 10mg/m3 in air pollution Smog-Health Studies with an Ontario focus Toronto Public Health – Air Pollution Burden of Illness OMA – Health Effects Illness Costs of Air Pollution Health Canada – Eight Cities Study OMA Smog-Wise Backgrounder Information for Seniors Information for Parents Smog and Your Kids – Myths and Realities /Health/Smog/index.asp Smog and Your Kids – Myths and Realities ? Smog Myth #1 - It is always better for your children to ride their bikes rather than get a drive on smoggy days. Health Reality - The longer your children ride outside, the bigger the dose of pollution to which they are exposed. Extended bike rides, much like any other strenuous exercise, will put children at greater r