1实验心理学概述.ppt

* * Slide * Bullets # 1–2 In a cross-sectional study, individuals are organized into groups based on their age. Researchers then randomly sample these groups and test, observe, or survey members of each sample simultaneously. Bullet # 3 Cross-sectional studies are much cheaper than longitudinal studies since they require much less time. In a 1995 study, researchers showed three, four, and six year-olds a picture of a serious-looking woman. The psychologists then asked the children what they thought the woman was thinking about. They found that older children had a clearer picture of the woman’s mental processes (Flavell, Green, 1995). One disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that they are often limited by the parameters of age. Slide * Bullet # 1 Longitudinal studies can span a person’s lifetime. Though comprehensive, they are also very time consuming and costly. Bullet # 2 Participants also have a tendency to fall out of contact with researchers over time, thus the accuracy of such studies can be easily compromised. One major advantage of this type of study is that it offers an ideal way to examine consistencies or inconsistencies in behavior over time. Bullet # 3 A good example of a longitudinal study testing a nature/nurture hypothesis began in New York in 1956. Psychologists followed 133 infants as they grew into adulthood, focusing on temperament. They concluded that genetics rather than environment cause to have different temperaments. FIGURE 1.6 A Humorous Example Sometimes things that appear related are not. * 里根政府的财政拨款 汤姆克鲁斯的演艺生涯 * 4：12-14:40 19:00-19:30 * Slide * No special notes. Each area will be explained in the following slides. * * * * This study was most likely correlational because an experiment would not be ethical. (In order to do an experiment, the researcher would have to control the students drinking, forcing some students to drink heavily and then observing the effects of the drinking on their grades.) All we can conclude from