Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Editionby Gerald C. Davison ... 课件.ppt

Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Editionby Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas AM University Anxiety Disorders Anxiety refers to an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension Neuroses is a former term that refers to a group of disorders involving unrealistic anxiety, assumed to be due to unconscious conflicts Anxiety disorders reflect the clear presence of symptoms of anxiety Anxiety is not specific to anxiety disorders Comorbidity: A person may be diagnosed with more than one disorder Phobias A phobia is a fear-mediated avoidance that is out of proportion to the object or situation Phobias involve intense distress Phobias are disruptive Person recognizes that the fear is groundless Examples of Phobias Classes of Phobias Specific phobias are unwarranted fears caused by the presence of a specific object or situation Blood, injuries, or injections Situations (planes, elevators) Animals Natural environment (water, heights) Social phobia involves a persistent fear linked to the presence of other people Etiology of Phobias Psychoanalytic theory: phobias result from anxiety produced by repressed id impulses Behavioral theories: focus on learning as the etiological basis of phobias Phobias are learned avoidance responses Phobias may be acquired through modeling We are biologically prepared to learn certain fears (e.g. taste with nausea) Cognitive theory: Thought processes result in high levels of anxiety Treating Phobias Psychoanalytic therapy attempts to uncover repressed conflicts using free association Behavioral approaches use systematic desensitization to reduce anxiety responses to phobic stimuli and situations Flooding: exposure to a phobic stimulus at full intensity Cognitive approaches focus on altering irrational beliefs Treating Phobias Biological approach uses drugs to eliminate anxiety symptoms Anxiolytic drugs such as the benzodiazepines (Valium) can reduce anxiety but are also addictive and give rise