1.Francis Bacon英国哲学家讲解.ppt

培根是近代哲学史上首先提出经验论原则的哲学家。他重视感觉经验和归纳逻辑在认识过程中的作用，开创了以经验为手段、研究感性自然的经验哲学的新时代，对近代科学的建立起了积极的推动作用，对人类哲学史、科学史都做出了重大的历史贡献。为此，罗素尊称培根为给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱。 Influence Bacons ideas about the improvement of the human lot were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among a number of parliamentarian scholars. During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660.In the nineteenth century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by Willian Whewell, among others. Religious influence Francis Bacons influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems. Of Studies Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见(xian,同“现”)于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 王佐良译 For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one　by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the　humour of a scholar.  练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划， 则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当 Francis Bacon 1561 –1626 English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method Author of (among other things) THE ESSAYS Also famous for Inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry (often called the Baconi