《临床诊断学》循环系统常见症状体征.pptx

1;;Valves of Heart; 4;;6;7;Normal---- the cross-sectional area 4～6 cm2;Pathophysiology;10;1;Symptoms;If orthopnea causes awakening during the night and is relieved by sitting, it is called paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.;The most common complaint is shortness of breath, chiefly exertional dyspnea at first and then progressing to rest dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and orthopnea.;Physical Signs;16;17;18;19;20;21;22;Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA). It is caused by disruption in any part of the mitral valve apparatus. valve annulus / valve ring valve leaflet / cusp;24;Systole;;27;Early Stage ------ asymptomatic;Physical Signs;30;主动脉瓣狭窄（aortic stenosis, AS）;;;2010 Clinical Diagnostics;2010 Clinical Diagnostics;Pathophysiology;Early stage;(common);Angina pectoris (myocardial ischemia) it is commonly precipitated / induced by exertion and relieved by rest. Dyspnea ( relatively late symptom ) exertional dyspnea with orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and pulmonary edema reflect varying degrees of pulmonary venous hypertension.;40;signs;palpation;Auscultation;2010 Clinical Diagnostics;45;Pathophysiology;Symptoms;Signs;Auscultation;--------- caused by ↑ pulse pressure ?Head bobbing ?Visible pulsation of carotid arteries ?Signs of capillary pulsation ?Water hammer pulse ?Pistol shot sounds over femoral arteries and Duroziez’ murmur;;52;53;54;55;56;★ Auscultation: Findings of primary organic heart diseases; Fast heart rate and diastolic gallop rhythm ； moist rales (湿罗音) at the lung bases ; in pulmonary edema bubble and wheezing rales (哮鸣音) over both lungs. 57;58;59;60;Cyanosis and edema in the lower part of body.;62;63;64;65;66;67;68;69;