生态系统培训 Biotic Interactions_CN.pptx

Ecosystems and Biodiversity生态系统和生物多样性3. Interactions相互作用;Objective 目标;Inter and intra-specific interactions种间和种内相互作用;All organisms live in an environment shared with other organisms. This is the biotic environment.所有生物都生活在与其他生物体共享的环境中。这就是生物环境。;Types of interaction相互作用的类型;Competition竞争;Competition竞争;Interference Competition干扰竞争;Exploitation competition剥削竞争;Apparent competition似然竞争;Apparent competition似然竞争;Apparent competition似然竞争;Outcomes of competition竞争的结果;Predation and herbivory捕食和植食;Predation捕食;Predation捕食;Predation捕食;Evolutionary arms race进化装备竞赛 :how co-evolution occurs in competitive relationships共同进化是如何在竞争关系中发生的;Predator-Prey Cycles猎食者-猎物曲线;Predator-Prey Cycles猎食者-猎物曲线;Herbivory植食;Grazers eat grasses, algea and low shrubs 啃食者吃草、藻类和低矮灌木 ;23;Granivores eat and predate on seeds种食者食用或优先食用种子;Frugivores eat fruits : disperse seeds (form of mutualism)果食者食用水果：传播种子（互利共生的形式） ;Herbivory植食;Symbiosis共生;Symbiosis共生;Mutualism互利共生;Obligate Mutualism必要互利共生;Facultative mutualism兼性互利共生;Commensalism共栖;Parasitism寄生;Plant-pollinator mutualisms植物-授粉者的互利共生;Economic Implications对经济的影响;Population dynamics种群动态;Population Dynamics种群动态;Population Dynamics种群动态;;Population size种群大小;Population Dynamics种群动态;Population size and density种群大小和密度;Population size and density种群大小和密度;Measuring Population size and density测量种群大小和密度;Distance Sampling距离采样法;Elephant population size decreased by 62% between 2002 and 20112002年至2011年间大象数量减少了62%;Quadrat or plot method样方法 ;Quadrat or plot method样地法 ;Quadrat or plot method样地法 ;;Mark-Recapture method标记重捕法;52;Mark-Recapture method with camera traps 应用红外相机的标记重捕法;54;Species distribution物种分布;Population growth种群增长;Exponential growth指数增长;Logistic growth逻辑斯蒂增长;Community dynamics群落动态;Community Dynamics群落动??;Species Richness物种丰富度;Species Diversity物种多样性;What factors shape community structure?影响群落结构的因素有哪些？;Foundation and keystone species基础物种和关键种;Foundation and keystone species基础物种和关键种;The story of the Yellowstone Wolf黄石公园里狼的故事