生态系统培训 Material and Energy_CN.pptx

Ecosystems and Biodiversity生态系统和生物多样性2. Material and Energy 物质和能量;Objective 目标;Energy in the Ecosystem生态系统中的能量流动;Reminder: Ecosystems maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients 回顾：生态系统通过能量和营养循环进行自维持;5;Primary Producers 初级生产者;Primary Producers 初级生产者;Consumers 消费者 ;Primary Consumers 初级生产者 ;Secondary Consumers 次级消费者 ;Secondary Consumers 次级消费者 ;Tertiary and Quaternary Consumers 三级和四级消费者 ;Decomposers 分解者 ;Autotrophs and Heterotrophs 自养和异养 ;The 10% rule 10%定律 ;“Big fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite ’em. And little fleas have lesser fleas and so ad infinitum”大跳蚤的背上有小跳蚤咬它们，小跳蚤又有更小的跳蚤，无穷尽也……(Augustus de Morgan);Water in the Ecosystem 生态系统中的水循环;Water is the most important abiotic component of any ecosystem 水是任何生态系统中最重要的非生物组成部分;The hydrological cycle 水文循环;Groundwater seeps into oceans, rivers and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration.地下水渗入海洋、河流和溪流, 或通过水分散发回到大气。 Water remaining on earth’s surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans.留在地面的水是径流, 它流入湖泊、河流和溪流, 最终回到海洋。;Topography 地形;Rain Shadow Effect 雨影效应;23;Biomass and Productivity生物量和生产力;What is Biomass? 生物量是什么？;26;Biomass and Energy 生物量和能量;What is Productivity? 什么是生产力;Primary production is the chemical energy plants generate in organic compounds through photosynthesis.初级生产是植物通过光合作用产生有机化合物的化学能 The total amount of chemical energy created as biomass is called Gross Primary Productivity (GPP).以生物质形式产生的化学能量总量被称为总初级生产力 (GPP) Plants use some of this energy to breathe (respiration). 植物将一些能量用于呼吸（呼吸作用） The amount of energy that is left for plant growth after respiration is called Net Primary Productivity (NPP). 植物除去呼吸作用，剩下用于生长的能量总量被称作净初级生产量（NPP） NPP = GPP – Respiration. Energy assimilated by plants is stored as carbon compounds in plant tissues.植物吸收的能量作为碳化合物储存在植物组织中 In other words, productivity is the rate at which energy is added to the bodies of organisms in the form of biomass.换言之, 生产力是以生物质的形式将能量加入生物体内的速率。 Pro