词汇学第四章.ppt

Types of back-formation 1) Abstract nouns 抽象名词 donation—donate (捐献) 2) Agential noun 施事名词 sculptor-sculpt (雕刻) 3) Compound nouns and others 复合名词和其他 babysitter—babysit (代人照料孩子) 4) Adjectives 形容词 lazy—laze (偷懒，混日子) Words created by back-formation are mostly verbs. 4.8 Sound reduplication 语音重叠法 Sound reduplication is the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change. 语音重叠法指的是重叠同一个发音，对该发音的重叠部分不做修改或者稍做修改而构成的复合词。 Words made in this way are known as reduplicatives (重叠词). no change: hubba hubba (好极好极), goody-goody (好好先生) little change: hoity-toity (傲慢的), fiddle-faddle (无聊话) 4.8 Sound reduplication Semantically, four kinds reduplicatives can be classified into 4 groups: (1) Words to imitate sounds (onomatopoetic words): tick-tuck (of clock) (2) Words to suggest alternating movements: ping-pong (3) Words to disparage by suggesting “instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacillation”: hocus-pocus(哄骗) (4) Words to intensify: tip-top (出色的；极好的) 4.9 Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词转化法 English has a large number of words which come from proper names (专有名词), include: 1) Names of People 人名 Volt (伏特) 2) Names of Places 地名 China (瓷器) 3) Names of Books 书名 Utopia (理想社会) 4) Tradenames 商品名 nylon (纺织品) 4.9 Commonization of Proper Names When proper names are commonized, many of them have lost their original identity: The initial letter may not be capitalized. They can be converted to other word classes. They can also take suffixes -ic, -an, -al, -ist, -ese, -ish, -esque to form adjectives or suffixes -ism, -(i)ne, -age, -ade, -ia, -ity, -ry to form nouns. 专有名词普通化后，许多失去原来的特性，如首字母可以不用大写形式，可以转为其他词类使用，也可以加上后缀构成形容词或名词。 Characteristics of compounds Compounds Free phrase a ’dark horse a dark ’horse But these stress patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, primary stress may also fall on the second element as in ash-’blonde (亚麻色的) bottle-’green(深绿色的) socio-lin’guistics (社会语言学)