Context英语语用学强烈推荐.ppt

3.1 Bronislaw  Kaspar Malinowski s Theory context context of culture 文化语境 context of situation 情景语境 ., * 语境的概念是由英国的波兰裔人类学家、功能学派的创始人之一马林诺夫斯基(Malinowski,1884-1942) 首先提出的,他把语境分为两类:即情景语境和文化语境。 context of situation: 情景语境是指语篇产生的环境；或指言语行为发生时的具体情境。 context of culture: 文化语境是指某种语言赖以植根的民族里人们思想和行为准则的总和。或指说话人生活于其中的社会文化背景。 ., * 3.2 John Rupert Firth s theory Firth(1957) defined context of situation as the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. His notion of context included “not only spoken words, but facial expression, gestures, bodily activities, the whole group of people present during an exchange of utterances, and the part of the environment in which these people are engaged”. ., * Firth didn’t give a classification to the notion of context. But he further developed Malinnowski’s “context of situation”. Therefore he categorized context of situation as: 1) The participants in the situation: what Firth referred to as persons and personalities, corresponding more or less to what sociologists would regard as the status and roles of the participants; ., * 2) The action of participants: what they are doing, including both their verbal action and their non-verbal action. 3) Other relevant features of the situation: the relevant objects and non-verbal and non-personal events. 4) The effects of the verbal action: what changes were brought about by what the participants in the situation had to say. ., * 3.3 M. A. K. Halliday’s theory Just as Malinowski had influenced Firth, the latter, in return, had great impact on another famous linguist, M. A. K. Halliday (Halliday, 1985) deepened Firth’s context of situation into a specific and detailed one in utterance and text interpretation. In his register theory he described context as field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. ., * The three features of context of situatio