第十章课件下载Chapter10.ppt

Subordinate level 附属层次范畴 At this level we perceive the differences betwee the members of the basic level categories. Often the names for SUBORDINATE LEVEL categories are morphologically complex. They are typically composite forms. One such example is that of compound nouns. 其特征体现在以下三个方面（ Croft and Cruse ）： 1 附属范畴比基本范畴层次低，尽管它们的成员之间有很高的相 似性，但于临近的范畴成员的区别性却很低。 2 它们的信息性相对比它们的中间层次上位范畴少。 3 它们是多词素性的，而最普遍的格式是修饰－中心语结构。 Superordinate level Basic level Subordinate level FURNITURE CHAIR KITCHEN CHAIR LIVING-ROOM CHAIR TABLE KITCHEN TABLE DINING-ROOM TABLE LAMP FLOOR LAMP DESK LAMP Table 1 10.3 Conceptual Metaphor and metonymy ? Traditionally, metaphors and metonymies have been regarded as figures of speech , i.e. as more or less ornamental devices used in rhetorical style. ? However, metaphors and metonymies also play an important part in everyday language . ? Philosophers and cognitive linguists have shown that they are powerful tools for our conceptualization of abstract categories. 10.3.1 Conceptual Metaphor ? 1) Novel metaphor ? Novel metaphors are new metaphors which are “ imaginative and creative ”. ? e.g. the eye of heaven — Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare ? 2) Conventional metaphor ? (=conventionalized metaphors/ dead metaphors) ? Such metaphors are used in everyday speech. ? They have entered the conceptual system of the English language. ? Prime examples of this are the parts of the body : ? e.g. eye , leg , hand , and foot , as in eye of the needle , hand on the clock , foot of the bed , or a little more elaborate, womb , as in the womb of time, a head of cabbage, the leg of a table, the foot of the mountain, the foot of a page, the arm of a chair, the arm of a tree, the nose of an aircraft, the lips of a jug. ? 3) Conceptual metaphor ? Metaphor — According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defin