临时工就业变迁的实证研究 外文.docVIP

The Changing Practices of Employment: A Case Study of the Sagara, Tanzania KAZUHIKO SUGIMURA Abstract: This article analyzes the process in which the economy of affection in rural Africa transforms the nature of wage labor and thereby induces a phenomenon we may call communal sharing of cash among African peasants, through a case study of Sagara society in Tanzania. In Sagara society, which is now deeply involved in the money economy, a form of wage labor employment (called kibarua in Swahili) is frequently arranged by the rich at the request of the poor for cash. Contrary to the general view that wage labor is evidence of rural differentiation, kibarua reproduces an egalitarian world within the society by functioning as an effective social leveling mechanism. Introduction The purpose of this article is to describe the cultural characteristics of kibarua from the point of view of the life structure of the peasants and the relationship that exists between the employer of kibarua and the laborer as a kibarua him/herself. The presence of wage labor in peasant societies in Africa has to a certain degree been highlighted in previous studies, such as those of Kasfir and Hanzawa. The phenomenon of wage labor, together with the phenomenon of peasant differentiation, has been regarded as some of the contributing factors towards the penetration of capitalism into the African peasantry. Hyden, however, commented on the uniqueness of African capitalism, from the point of view of the differences between advanced and less advanced societies.3 Firstly, the peasant differentiation phenomenon in advanced countries is basically supported by the differentiation of private land holding in contrast to the communal land holding system found in many societies of Africa.4 Secondly, differentiation within the African peasantry remains at a low level, even in the most capitalist societies of Africa, e.g. Kenya.5 Thus, African capitalism cant be equated with that of capitalism found in a