病理生理学课件：英文课件汇总.ppt

Myocardial failure : the heart failure caused by the defect in myocardium itself. Congestive heart failure: chronic courses with a excessive fluid accumulation and a increased blood volume. Chapter 12 二. Etiology 1 Primary disorders of myocardium (1) Cardiomyopathies: myocarditis, cardiac fibrous... (2) Myocardium ischemia, infarction... Chapter 12 2 Overload of myocardium (1) Excressive pressure load: afterload↑ Hypertension, aortic stenosis, coarctation of aorta --- left ventricle Pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary stenosis --- right ventricle Chapter 12 (2) Excessive volume load: preload↑ Aortic, mital incompetence Pulmonary, tricuspid incompetence Defects of artrial septum, ventricular septum Chapter 12 Chapter 12 三. Precipitating factors About 90% of heart failure is induced by some precipitating factor(s). 1. Infection 2. Arrhythmias 3. Disturbances of water, electrolytes and acid-base 4. Pregnancy, giving birth 5. Physical exertion; exciting; digitalis intoxication etc. ... Chapter 12 Table. The influence of precipitating factors on prognosis ________________________________________________________ No. of cases Controlled Controlled controlled Death in 2 weeks in 2-4 weeks Hardly ________________________________________________________ Precipitating 555 55.3% 18% 9.4% 17.3% Factors (89.8%) Found No precipitating 63 12.7% 28.6% 27% 31.7% factors (10.2%) found Chapter 12 四. Classification 1. According to the site of failure (1) Left -side heart failure (2) Right-side heart failure (3) Whole heart failure Chapter 12 2 . On the process of heart failure Acute heart failure Chronic heart failure Chapter 12 3 On the cardiac output Low output heart failure High output heart failure