教学课件 英美国家概况--刘有发.ppt

V Public School Definition: Public schools, also known as state schools, refer to elementary or secondary schools under control of elected or appointed civil authority, supported entirely by public tax monies, and, with few exceptions, are open to all students in a designated district free of any tuition charges. V Public School Statistics about public schools: The more than 94 000 public schools in the United States constitute only slightly more than 77% of the schools but house more than 88% of America’s more than 47.5 million students. There are more than 65 000 public elementary schools that accommodate 87% of kindergarten through eighth grade students and 22 000 public secondary schools, with more than 91% of the ninth grade through twelfth grade population. About 5 300 additional public schools are combined elementary-secondary schools, usually in sparsely settled areas that do not warrant separate facilities for different age groups. 1 500 public schools are devoted to special education. V Public School Questions for discussion: Do British public schools and American public schools refer to the same thing? Why have public schools been under attacks by the public? VI Tension Between Localism and Centralization 6.1 Traditions of Localism: In?general,? local districts have control over public education matters. Public schools have relied heavily on local property taxes to meet the vast majority of school expenses. American schools have tended to reflect the educational values and financial capabilities of the communities in which they are located. VI Tension Between Localism and Centralization 6.2 Centralizing Tendencies: Efforts to increase the size and efficiency of public schools led to the creation of more centralized school systems. Schools?also?became?more centrally organized as education developed into a highly structured profession with a streamlined chain of administrative command. Teaching practices, textbooks and testing throughout t