西方文明史导论课件-for students.pptx

西方文明史Aspects of Western Civilization 吕海彬文 明 Civilization（英） Civilisation（法） Zivilisation（德）civis-citizenStages of Social Evolution—— Lewis H. Morgan Stage of savagery Stage of barbarism Stage of civilizationCivilization Culture Western culture sometimes equated with Western civilization or European civilization, refers to cultures of European origin.cultureLatin: cult-cultivation of the soilagriculturehorticulturecultivation of the soulA widely accepted definition from a sociological perspectiveCulture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. ——E. B. Taylor?civilization=culturecivis-cult- 物质领域 精神领域 Any differences between the following Chinese and Western works of art?Chartres Cathedral (沙特尔大教堂，法国)Chinese culture is ethical in character(1) Confucianism: a sort of pragmatic rationality: The general spirit of Chinese culture is concerned with what is in this world, yet cares little for gods, ghosts, or other spirits. (2) Confucian theory of humanity: a moral self- consciousness. For Confucianism, moral self-cultivation (“修身”)、 “well management of family” (齐家) 、 “ ruling of state“ (治国)、 fulfillment of harmonious world” (平天下) constitute the most important duties of men.The Birth of CivilizationEarly Humans and Their Culture The Paleolithic Age (the Old Stone Age) The Neolithic Age (the New Stone Age) The Bronze AgeThe hallmarks of civilizationCharacteristics of Bronze Culture accelerating technological, industrial and social development long-distance trade writing system urbanismcivilizationCradle of CivilizationMesopotamiaEgyptIndiaChinaThe Fertile CrescentThe Nile ValleyThe Indus RiverThe Yellow RiverMesopotamian Civilization美索不达米亚文明The Tigris RiverThe Euphrates RiverMesopotamia = Between-rivers底格里斯河幼发拉底河(希腊语指） 两河之间的土地Tigris EuphratesMesopotamia 4000-1000 B.C.E. Mesopotamia, c. 4000-1000 B.C.E. (Bronze Age)The Tigris and EuphratesFlood control and irrigatio