chomsky 乔姆斯基资料课件.pptVIP

Chomskyan RevolutionLecture – 08 About Noam Chomsky Institute Professor At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology the title of Institute Professor is given to a small number of members of the faculty with extraordinary records of achievement — normally to no more than twelve professors. At some universities the titles of Distinguished Professor or University Professor or Regents (美国州立大学的校务委员) Professor are counterparts of this title. Development of generative grammar The First Linguistic Model / The Classical Theory (Chomsky early 1950s—1965 ) Standard Theory (Chomsky 1965) Extended Standard Theory (Chomsky 1970, …) Government and Binding Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986) Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993) Phrase Structure Grammars Proposed by neobehaviorists (e.g., Jenkins Palermo, 1964) and a component of early Chomsky grammar. Sentence patterns consist of various sorts of phrases, which can be expanded in various ways. For example: Advantages-PS grammar indicates the word class clearly (sometimes indicate number, tense and structure of a word.), eg. N, V, Det, etc.; Indicates phrase category and structure, eg. NP→ Det + N; Handles embedded elements (hierarchical) Allows for recursion (NP - NP S); can generate infinite number of sentences Problems -PS grammar Problems -PS grammar Lack of descriptive adequacy: Cant explain similarity of sentences with different surface structures (e.g., active-passive) For example, PS grammar does not include such rules: If S1 = NP1+Aux+V+NP2 is correct, then S2=NP2+Aux+be+en+V+by+NP1 is correct. （Transformational rules） E.g. “Lunch is eaten John” × “Lunch is eaten by John”. √ Cant explain underlying differences between sentences with similar surface structures (e.g., he is eager to please./ He is easy to please.) Transformational Grammar Chomskys late 1950s and 1960s work It assume existence of two levels of a sentence: Deep structure - underlying structure of sentences most related to its meaning (but not identica