明代洮州卫戍防遗迹河洮岷边防分析研究.doc

PAGE PAGE 4 摘要 明初中央政府在河洮岷地区相继设置河州卫、岷州卫、洮州卫以防番虏之患，卫所的设置为明朝在河洮岷地区建立稳固的统治秩序提供强大的军事保障，并使卫所辖域内形成完备的军事戍防体系。作为洮州卫军事戍防体系重要组成部分的戍防设施有丰富的遗迹留存至今，这些戍防遗迹是区域内大型不可移动文物。洮州卫军事戍防设施以洮州卫城为中心，周边的墩台、关隘、堡寨和洮州边墙形成网络状拱卫之势，其层次体系明显，洮州卫城为第一层防御体系，墩台、关隘、堡寨为第二层防御体系，洮州边墙为第三层防御体系。 洮州卫军事戍防态势在明中期发生转变，明中期以前以防御番乱为主，明中后期以防御海虏对洮州卫西北部的侵犯为主，形成番虏俱防的态势。卫城周边戍防设施的分布随洮州卫防御态势的变化而调整，明中期以前，戍防设施在以洮州卫城为中心的北路、南路、东路、西路呈均势分布，其数量和规模稍偏重于北路，明中后期，防御设施的分布明显集中于西路并以洮州卫西北部为重。洮州卫以“土流参治”的形势构建军事戍防体系，地方土司势力不仅积极参与军事设施的修筑，而且和卫所官军共同驻防，官军一般驻防于交通要冲之地和离卫城较近的戍防设施，旗军一般驻防于土司影响力较深的地区和卫所偏远辖地，官军和旗军不同的驻防地及其兵员配置数量的不同也使洮州卫戍防设施显现出军事等级之别。洮州卫军事戍防体系的构建贯穿整个明代，其深刻影响了明清以至今日该地区政治、经济格局的发展演变。 洮州卫及其军事戍防体系的建置是河洮岷边防成型的重要标志，尤其是军事戍防体系的建置使洮州卫在河洮岷边防处于非常重要的战略位置，为洮州卫北达河州、南通川北、西进藏区、东联岷州的交通提供了坚实的军事保障。畅通的交通在又在一定时期保证了河洮岷地区朝贡贸易、平番防虏军事行动的顺利进行。 关建词：明代；洮州卫；戍防遗迹；河洮岷边防 Abstract In the early Ming dynasty, the central government established three military garrisons in He Zhou, Min Zhou and Tao Zhou, which provided a powerful military safeguard to set up the stable ruling order of He, Tao and Min area in Ming dynasty and formed consolidated military garrison system in garrison area. Tao Zhou city was the central part of the Tao Zhou military garrison system, its side walls formed a net defence system with peripheral abuments, gates, fortified point with surrounding walls. As a significant garrison installation, Tao Zhou military garrison have preserved abundant relics, which are large and unmovable cultural relics. This paper, by combining field investigation with large document lireratures, is aimed at sorting out the quantity, form, scale and regularities of distribution of the cultural relics with. In addition, the main purpose of this paper is to reveal how the garrison relics related to Tao Zhou garrison, distribution of the minority and transportation of the Tao Zhou garrision, and also the relationship between Tao Zhou garrison and the frontier defence of He, Tao and Min area. Key words:Tao Zhou garrison; garrison relics; transportation; frontier defence of He,