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Meroplankton;Zooplankton
Meroplankton
Meroplankton spend portion of life in plankton; adult stage typically non-planktonic
About 70% of benthic marine species have a planktonic stage in their life cycle
Planktonic stage of a benthic organism’s life may last minutes to months
Presence of particular species in meroplankton typically related to spawning events, often in response to environmental cues (e.g. warmer temperatures in temperate latitudes, rainfall or lunar cycles in tropical waters)
Important component of meroplankton is ichthyoplankton, fish eggs and larvae
Some fish eggs may be extremely abundant (e.g. 4 x 1014 pilchard eggs in English Channel) and energetically important as food sources for other pelagic organisms
Marine organisms with pelagic larvae exhibit two basic strategies for nourishing larval stages;Zooplankton
Meroplankton
Planktotrophic
Eggs relatively small and contain little stored energy
Species with planktotrophic development have higher fecundities than species with lecithotrophic development (e.g. plaice - 250,000 eggs, haddock - 500,000 eggs, cod - 1,000,000 eggs)
Low per-egg energy investment ? lower per-egg survivorship but vastly greater numbers of propagules for a given reproductive energy investment
Survivorship typically very low (e.g. early life mortality in cod estimated at around 99.999%).
Planktotrophic larvae feed in plankton, typically have long larval life spans, and may travel very long distances (teleplanic larvae - e.g. coral planula larvae);Zooplankton
Meroplankton
Lecithotrophic
Eggs relatively large and contain substantial stored energy
Species with lecithotrophic development have lower fecundities than species with planktotrophic development (typically 1000)
High per-egg energy investment ? higher per-egg survivorship but fewer propagules for a given reproductive energy investment
Yolk sac typically used to sustain larva while mouth and gut finish developing
Lecithotrophic larvae typically do not feed in plankton (thou
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