基于单片机的无刷电机控制系统设计.doc

大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院2018届本科毕业设计（论文） PAGE PAGE II 前言 电动机作为机电能量的转换装置,其应用范围已遍及国民经济的各个领域以及人们的日常生活之中。传统的直流电动机均采用电刷, 以机械方法进行换向, 存在着相对的机械摩擦, 由此带来了噪声、火花、无线电干扰以及寿命短等致命弱点, 制造成本高及维修困难等缺点,因而大大地限制了它的应用范围。永磁无刷直流电动机是近年随着电力电子器件及新型永磁材料发展而迅速成熟起来的一种新型机电一体化电机，它具有以下特点: 1．无刷直流电动机的转子采用高磁能积的稀土磁钢作为转子磁钢, 其转动惯量比鼠笼转子要小, 所以对于给定的转矩能够响应得更快, 控制特性更好。 2．无刷直流电动机的效率比感应电动机高。因为在感应电机运行时, 转子上不会产生铜损和铁损。 3．在相同容量下, 无刷直流电动机的体积相对要比感应电机小, 重量轻。 4．无刷直流电机的噪音小。 5．无刷直流电机调速方便, 灵活, 范围广。 目前永磁无刷直流电动机控制器结构已有多种形式，有最初复杂的模拟式到近来以单片机为核心的数字式，但新型电机控制专用芯片的出现，给无刷直流电机调速装置设计带来了极大的便利，这种集成模拟控制芯片控制功能强、保护功能完善、工作性能稳定，组成的系统所需外围电路简单、抗干扰能力强、特别适用于对控制器体积、性能要求较高的场合。专用控制芯片优点固然多，但往往价格比较昂贵。在一些控制要求精度不是很高的场合，就需要能有一种工作稳定，价格又比较低廉的控制器。本设计就是基于此市场需求，详细介绍了一种利用普通的STC89C5X单片机作为主控芯片的无刷直流电动机控制器的设计。该控制器成本低廉，功能齐全，通过实验测试工作性能稳定，特别适用于对控制器精度要求不是很高的场合。 PREFACE As a conversion device of mechanical and electrical energy, the application range of motor has spread throughout the various fields of the national economy and in peoples daily life. The traditional DC motor using brush, by mechanical methods to change, there is a relatively mechanical friction, the resulting noise sparks, radio interference and short life fatal weakness, defects of high manufacturing cost and maintenance difficulties, thus greatly limits its scope of application. Permanent magnet brushless DC motor is a new type of electromechanical integrated motor which has been rapidly developed in recent years with the development of power electronic devices and new permanent magnet materials. It has the following characteristics： 1. The rotor of Brushless DC motor adopts the rare earth magnetic steel with high magnetic energy product as the rotor magnetic steel, and its rotational inertia is smaller than the squirrel cage rotor, so it can respond faster to the given torque, and has better control performance. 2. The efficiency of Brushless DC motor is higher than that of induction motor. Because when the induction motor runs, there is no copper loss and iron loss on the rotor. 3. in the same capacity, t