病理学概论教学课件.ppt

2021/7/9 * 2 * 3 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 22 * 25 * 26 * 27 Chapter OneIntroduction to Pathology DEFINITION OF PATHOLOGY Definition of pathology Pathology is to study diseases by scientific methods. Disease may be defined as an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body. Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease ETIOLOGY: Cause of disease. PATHOGENESIS: Mechanisms of development of disease. MORPHOLOGY: The structural alterations induced in cell and tissues. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES: Functional consequences of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically. Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone: Disease diagnoses Understanding the nature of diseases Treatment of diseases. While much still needs to be uncovered to link abnormal genes and the expression of disease, gone are the time when the mechanisms of most diseases were unknown? or obscure? or mysterious? One etiologic agent—one disease. Several etiologic agents—one disease. One etiologic agent—several diseases. Causes of cell injury and disease Oxygen deprivation ( hypoxia, ischemia) Nutritional imbalances Physical agents Chemical agents and drugs Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic derangements HYPOXIA Ischemia ( loss of blood supply ). Inadequate oxygenation ( cardiorespiratory failure ). Loss of oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood ( anemia or CO poisoning ). HYPOXIC INJURY Loss of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation by mitochondria. Decreased ATP (with increase in AMP): stimulating fructokinase and phosphorylation, resulting in aerobic glycolysis. Depleted glycogen. Reduced intracellular pH: Lactic acid and inorganic phosphate. Clumping of nuclear chromatin. Four biochemical themes Oxygen-derived free radicals. Loss of calcium homeostasis and increased intracellular calcium. ATP depletion. Defects in membrane permeability. PHYSICAL AGENTS Trauma Heat Cold Radiation Electric shock 9、 人的价值，在招收诱惑的一