2020-2021年间新冠疫情重创旅游业损失高达4万亿美元.docxVIP

Acknowledgements 5 References 20 Appendix 21 Table of Contents 6 Introduction 7 Vaccines and the uneven prospects for tourism 8 The massive contraction in tourist arrivals 10 A grim outlook for some 11 Last summer and an update 13 Possible scenarios for 2021 15 Cascading effects 17 Labour market effects 18 4 Policy implications 4 Acknowledgements This paper has been written by David Vanzetti (University of Western Australia) and Ralf Peters (UNCTAD). The model was developed jointly with Badri Narayanan Gopalakrishnan (Infinite Sum Modeling). This project was funded by UNCTAD. This paper has benefited from the contributions of: Lien Huong Do (Australian National University), Graham Mott and Carlos Razo from UNCTAD, Sandra Carvao, Chief, Market Intelligence and Competitiveness (UNWTO) and Anna L. Peters. Graphic design and desktop publishing were done by Nadege Hadjemian. The views expressed are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the affiliated institutions. TABLE OF CONTENT ? fabien - ? fabien - Adobe Stock Number of inbound tourist arrivals in 2020 Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has been a health and economic crisis with devastating effects on developing countries, especially those dependent on tourism. As governments have attempted to protect their populations, lockdowns, quarantines, and major restrictions on national and international mobility were implemented. This, coupled with the decision of consumers to limit international travel resulted in a sharp contraction for the tourism sector with severe economic consequences, particularly on countries that rely on the sector. The number of international tourist arrivals declined by 74 per cent in 2020 compared with the previous year (UNWTO Tourism Dashboard). In many developing countries, arrivals were down by 80-90 per cent. The beginning of the year 2021 has been