英国社会文化之福利制度.pptx

British Welfare What is welfare?The range of services that are provided to protect people in a number of conditions, including childhood, sickness and old age. Models of welfare Residual welfare:It is directed towards and provided for the poor, for they can not manage living without help and assistance from the government such as money, food and other necessities. This used to be the dominant model in most English-speaking countries, largely owing to the spread of the ideas conveyed in the English Poor Law(1598-1948)Models of welfareSolidarityCommon action, mutual responsibility and shared risks. Rights that people enjoy are particular rather than general; benefit that an individual can enjoy depends on his or her circumstances, work record or family relationships. It is not provided to the whole population. Some people are excluded from the network of family, friends, community and employment.Models of welfareInstitutional welfareNeed is viewed as a normal part of social life. Welfare is provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as public services like roads or schools. Welfare is not just for the poor: it is for everyone.Models of welfareIndustrial performanceIt is regarded and used as the so-called “handmaiden” to the economy. It prepares and services the capacity of the workforce, which helps the employers. It serves as an economic regulator, which stimulates demand when production is low.Welfare in the worldUK and Sweden--Institutional.Extensive welfare coverage and offers universal “minimum standards” for all its citizens.France—SolidaristicGerman—Work oriented. US—Residual welfare system.What is a ‘Welfare State’?It can be defined as ‘a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy’.Three principles of welfare state:A guarantee of minimum standards, including a minimum income;Social protection in the event of insecurity;The provision