国际经济学之贸易政策工具英文版.pptx

a : A : ? ? ? ? a ’s ? , a ?Trade Expansion Trade Contraction PriceQuantity PriceQuantity Voluntary Import Expansion (VIE)Tariff Export taxImport quotaVoluntary Export Restraint (VER)Import subsidyExport subsidy : a: A $10 $100 $10. a: A 20% a $20 $100 . A () a a . a , : , , a ( ). , . , a . . . () (), : . , : = D(P) – S(P) . , : = S*(P*) – D*(P*)SPrice, PPrice, PA21MDDD2Quantity, QD2 – S2Quantity, QS1D1D1 – S1S2 ’sP2P1Price, PPrice, PS*XSD*D*2D*1S*1S*2Quantity, QS*1 – D*1S*2 – D*2Quantity, Q ’sP2P1P*APrice, PXS1PWQWQuantity, Q a . a $2 . $2. a $t .Home marketWorld marketForeign marketPrice, PPrice, PPrice, PS*XS21tD*Quantity, QQTQuantity, QQuantity, QQW a SP*T3D , () . , P*T (= – t) $t. : , . : , ., . , a ’ s . a a , ( ) .Price, PSDQuantity, QD2D1S1S2Imports after tariffImports before tariff A a + t a a a . ., .: a $20 , $5. , a $15.Price, PabDQ1Q2Quantity, Q a P1P2 a a a . ., .: A a $2 a $5 a $3.Price, PSdcQ1Q2Quantity, Q a P2P1Price, PS= consumer loss (a + b + c + d)= producer gain (a)= government revenue gain (c + e)acbdeDQuantity, QD2D1S1S2QT a aP*T a b d a ( ) e ( ). a . . b d . a . a , . a , .Price, PS= efficiency loss (b + d)= terms of trade gain (e)bdeDQuantity, QImports a a P*T : a a . : a . . : . (. ), . . a . . a a a . , . , a .Price, $/tonSupply= consumer loss (a + b + c + d)= producer gain (a)= quota rents (c)acbdDemandQuantity of sugar,million tons5.146.328.459.26Import quota:2.13 million tons . . 466 280 :