GAMT考试阅读经典模拟练习题3_1.docxVIP

Word文档下载后（可任意编辑） 第 第 PAGE 1 页 共 NUMPAGES 1 页 GAMT考试阅读经典模拟练习题3 阅读对于我们来说并不陌生，在我们从小到大的考试中都已经有很多经验了，阅读也是我们很容易提分的一个考察科目，所以今天带来了这篇阅读练习题，在GAMT考试还有很多相关的内容和试题，现在我们就先来看看这篇文章吧！ Jon?Clark’s?study?of?the?effect?of?the?modernization?of?a?telephone?exchange?on?exchange?maintenance?work?and?workers?is?a?solid?contribution?to?a?debate?that?encompasses?two?lively?issues?in?the?history?and?sociology?of?technology:?technological?determinism?and?social?constructivism.  Clark?makes?the?point?that?the?characteristics?of?a?technology?have?a?decisive?influence?on?job?skills?and?work?organization.?Put?more?strongly,?technology?can?be?a?primary?determinant?of?social?and?managerial?organization.?Clark?believes?this?possibility?has?been?obscured?by?the?recent?sociological?fashion,?exemplified?by?Braverman?s?analysis,?that?emphasizes?the?way?machinery?reflects?social?choices.?For?Braverman,?the?shape?of?a?technological?system?is?subordinate?to?the?manager’s?desire?to?wrest?control?of?the?labor?process?from?the?workers.?Technological?change?is?construed?as?the?outcome?of?negotiations?among?interested?parties?who?seek?to?incorporate?their?own?interests?into?the?design?and?configuration?of?the?machinery.?This?position?represents?the?new?mainstream?called?social?constructivism.  The?constructivists?gain?acceptance?by?misrepresenting?technological?determinism:?technological?determinists?are?supposed?to?believe,?for?example,?that?machinery?imposes?appropriate?forms?of?order?on?society.?The?alternative?to?constructivism,?in?other?words,?is?to?view?technology?as?existing?outside?society,?capable?of?directly?influencing?skills?and?work?organization.  Clark?refutes?the?extremes?of?the?constructivists?by?both?theoretical?and?empirical?arguments.?Theoretically?he?defines?―technology‖?in?terms?of?relationships?between?social?and?technical?variables.?Attempts?to?reduce?the?meaning?of?technology?to?cold,?hard?metal?are?bound?to?fail,?for?machinery?is?just?scrap?unless?it?is?organized?