7-非谓语动词专项讲解.doc

非谓语动词 不定式（infinitive） I.基本形式：“to+动词原形”。有时to可省略。不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。既具有动词的特征----可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能。 不定式可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语和宾语补足语 式 态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing 不定式的否定式为：not+to do II.不定式的主动语态与被动语态： a. 一般式：表示谓语动词的动作与不定式的动作几乎同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之后。 We must learn to speak English I want to be a scientist when I grow up. b. 完成式： 表示不定式的动作早于谓语动词的动作发生。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. It’s a good thing for him to have been criticized. c.进行式：表示谓语动词的动作发生的时候，不定式的动作正在进行。 He seems to be waiting for somebody. He pretended to be listening attentively. 注：在某些结构中（尤其做宾语时， 不定式虽然表被动，但是用主动形式表示。 在的there be句式中，不定式的主动式可表被动的意思。 There is no matter to drink here. 2)当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，又与另一代词或名词构成主谓关系，这时不定式的主动可以表被动。 We have many difficulties to overcome. The next thing for them to do is to sweep the floor. He has no one to take care of. 当不定式做表语形容词的状语，又和句中的主语构成动宾关系，这时不定式的主动形式表被动意味。常可这样用的形容词一般 1 有以下几个： easy ,difficult , afraid, hard ,heavy ,pleasant, nice, dangerous, important, interesting, bitter, light 等。 They found the report was hard to understand. 4) to let（出租）,blame用主动代替被动形式表被动意味。 The car is to let. III.句法功能： 做主语：当主语是个动宾结构时，或动状结构时，这时用不定式做主语。 To learn English well is not easy. 不定式短语做主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以先行词做形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。 It’s so nice to hear your voice. It cost us 5 0000 yuan to build the house. 作表语：a. 当表语是动宾结构或动状结构时，用不定式做表语。 My job is to raise pigs. 当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式。 To see is to believe. 主语是由动词转化或派生而来的名词，如果原动词要求接不定式，则表语也应当用不定式。 to buy a new car. My wish/hope/ idea/plan/purpose/intention is to visit Africa. to be a college student 作宾语：某些动词后，只能用不定式作宾语。如： 　　　　allow ,afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, wish, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten等。 We decided not to go with the work. Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $ 1,000