input hypothesis克拉申输入假说.ppt

第一页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 第二页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 Brief Introduction 第三页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 Brief Introduction Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics,specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. Krashen’s well-accepted theory of second acquisition has had a large impact on all areas of language research and teaching since the 1980s. His theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypothesis:the Acquisition-learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Input Hypothesis, and the Affective Filter Hypothesis. The Input Hypothesis is the central part of this overall system. 第四页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 第五页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 The theory of the Input Hypothesis 第六页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 Ways of getting input??? How do we move from stage i,where i response current competence,to i+1,the next level in second language acquisition? The Input Hypothesis 第七页，编辑于星期三：四点 四十九分。 The Input Hypothesis makes the following claim:a necessary (but not sufficient)condition to move from stage i to stage i+1is that acquirers understanding input that contains i+1,where “understanding” means that acquirers focus on the meaning but not the form of the message.According to this hypothesis,people require language best by understanding comprehensible input that is slightly beyond their current level(i+1),and when they acquire enough,they get the ability to speak fluently automatically. 假如目前语言学习者的能力用i表示，那么语言输入(input)的水平既不能远远超过学习者现有的水平，即i+2或i+3(too difficult),也不可低于或接近学习者的现有水平，即i+0(too simple,no challenge)。最佳的语言输入只有稍高于i，即i+1(most appropriate)，才会被学习者所接受，也才会收到理想的效果。只有当习得者接触到“可理解的语言输入”（ comprehensive input ）， 即略高于他现有语言技能水平的第二语言输入，而他又能把注意力集中于对意义或对信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时，就会自动产生习得。 The best methods are therefore those that supply “comprehensible input” in low anxiety situations,containing messages that students really want to hear.These methods do not force