白子墨2017考研英语强化讲义 (完型+翻译)79.docx

PAGE PAGE 10 2017 年考研英语强化阶段精讲班 （翻译） 翻译篇 一、 考情分析 英语（一）考试中的翻译部分是从一篇 400 字左右的文章中划出 5 个句子（约 150 词） 要求考生翻译。译文要适合于上下文的基本思想而且能被人所接受。2002 年题型更改之前， 每句 3 分，一共 15 分，现在每句 2 分，共计 10 分。 英语（二）考试中的翻译部分要求考生理解长度为 150 词左右的一个或几个英语段落， 并将其全部译成汉语。共计 15 分。 考纲上关于翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就是说，翻译是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句的能力。 英语考试中翻译的句子有几个特点，首先，要求考生翻译的句子往往都比较长，长句翻译是研究生英语翻译的重点。这些长句有以下特点，要么修饰语过多，要么并列成分多，要么语言结构层次多。另外，翻译时也会碰到一些比较偏僻的单词及词义，这也是很多考生觉得翻译比较难的原因。 建议：用约 20 分钟的时间来做翻译。二、 黄金定律 定律 1——直译与意译 定律 2——被动与主动 定律 3——增译与省略 定律 4——人名与地名 定律 5——前文与后文 定律 6——字数与书写 定律 7——正确的假象 定律 8——中国的“人话” 注： 留主化被型 ① Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. ② Problems should be resolved in good time. ③ Not a sound of water was heard. 以泛替主型 ① I am afraid I shall be laughed at. ② English is considered very important for Chinese students. 喧“状”夺主型 ① The answers are provided in the next chapter. ② The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. ③ We are kept strong and well by fresh air. 变被为*型 ① I am instructed to fulfill a task. ② The element of helium was first found in the sun. ③ The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. ④ Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. ⑤ Baizi was set upon by two masked men. 三、 翻译公式 肯定与否定 一般情况下，译入语的肯定否定应与源语相一致，即“肯翻肯，否翻否”，但由于英汉的非对等性，在翻译过程下应进行适当调整。 英肯汉否 ①He was deaf to all advice. ②Her hint escaped me. 英否汉肯 ① You should not be too proud to learn from others. ②You cannot be too careful in doing your homework. 双重否定 ① I promised that never a day should pass that I did not visit him. ②He spoke nothing to no purpose. 定语及从句前置型 条件：结构简单且信息量相对较小公式： ① Everything that is around us is matter. ② Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. ③ This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at th