航海技术毕业论文.doc

PAGE / NUMPAGES 浅谈当今油船防治污 [摘要] 伴着世界经济全面复苏的脚步，石油及其产品的海洋运输量也日益增长。油轮船队规模的不断扩张以及油轮本身大型化的趋势，给脆弱的海洋生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。油轮溢油事故往往给海洋生态环境带来灾难性的影响，如何避免油轮污染对保护海洋环境有着重要的意义。通过对油轮污染事故案例的研究发现造成污染的主要原因包括三方面：一是排放洗舱水、压载水、机舱含油污水造成的污染；二是装卸货油过程中溢油造成的污染；三是搁浅、碰撞等事故造成的溢油污染。根据MARPOL公约及相关立法中对油轮防污染的要求，本文分别从提高船员素质、提高油水分离器效率、规范油轮运营中操作、淘汰单壳油轮及提高导航设备利用方面来有效地避免油轮对海洋环境造成污染。 [关键词]油轮污染 人为因素 设备因素 操作因素 Discussing the prevention and control pollution of oil tankers [Abstract] Accompanied by the full recovery of world economy, the maritime transportation volume of petroleum and its products has been growing. The expansion of the scale of tanker fleet and the tendency of the tanker’s getting to a bigger size are threatening the fragile marine ecology. Oil spill accidents often cause disastrous consequences to the marine ecology, so it is of great importance to prevent oil spills. Studies on cases of oil tanker pollution show that the causes of these pollution mainly fall into three categories: Firstly, pollution caused by discharging washing water, ballast water, oily waste water; Secondly, pollution caused by spills in the process of loading and unloading of oil; Thirdly, pollution caused by accident. According to the MARPOL Convention and its related legislations, It is effective to avoid these pollution by improving the quality of the tanker crew members, enhancing the efficiency of oil-water separator, regulating oil tankers operating, weeding out of single hull oil tankers and increasing the use of navigation equipment. [Key words]Tanker pollution Man-made factors Equipment factors Operating factors 目录 TOC \o 1-3 \h \z \u 引言 4 第1章 船舶溢油的危害性及事故概况 5 1.1 世界油轮状况 5 1.2 溢油的危害性 7 1.3 溢油事故概况 8 第2章 油轮特殊防污要求 11 2.1 MARPOL公约对油轮防污特殊要求 11 2.2 其他法律法规对油轮防污要求 13 第3章 油轮造成海洋污染的原因分析 15 3.1 人为因素 15 3.1.1操作性污染中的人为因素 15 3.1.2 事故性污染中人为因素 16 3.1.3 其他人为因素 17 3.2 油轮结构设备因素 18 3.2.1油轮结构因素 18 3.2.2 油轮设备因素 20 第4章 解决方法 22 4.1 防止人为因素造成污染 22 4.2 防止结构