中英双语专业解读-狂犬疫苗Rabies vaccine.pdfVIP

狂犬病疫苗 Rabies vaccine 目录 狂犬病疫苗 Rabies vaccine 1 疫苗 1 Rabies vaccine 2 狂犬疫苗4 Why get vaccinated? 5 疫苗 疫苗是将病原微生物经过人工减毒、灭活或利用转基因等方法制成的用于预防传染病的自 动免疫制剂。疫苗保留了病原菌免疫系统的特性。当动物体接触到这种不具伤害力的病原菌后， 免疫系统便会产生一定的保护物质，当再次接触到这种病原菌时免疫系统便会依循其原有的记 忆，制造更多的保护物质来阻止病原菌的伤害。 目前使用的疫苗主要分为减毒疫苗（活疫苗）和灭活疫苗（死疫苗）两种。减毒疫苗多具 有超过 90%的效力，其保护作用通常延续多年。它的突出优势是免疫原性一般很强，甚至不 需要加强免疫。这种突出的优势同时也存在潜在的危险性：在免疫力差的部分个体可引发感染； 突变可能恢复毒力。换句话说这类的疫苗在某些个体接种以后会导致其因接种这个疫苗而导致 感人这种疾病，不过这样的案例是极个别的，甚至是几十万分之一的概率，可能性有，但决定 低于中双色球的概率。与减毒活疫苗相比灭活疫苗采用的是非复制性抗原（死疫苗），因此， 其安全性好，但免疫原性也变弱，往往必须加强免疫。当然从安全角度来说选择灭活疫苗是比 较好的。需要注意的是，并不是所有病原体经灭活后均可以成为高效疫苗：其中一些疫苗是高 效的，如索尔克注射用脊髓灰质炎疫苗或甲肝疫苗；其它则是一些低效、短持续期的疫苗，如 灭活后可注射的霍乱疫苗，几乎已被放弃；还有一些部分灭活疫苗的效力低，需要提高其保护 率和免疫的持续期，如传统的灭活流感和伤寒疫苗。 Rabies vaccine Rabies vaccine is given to people at high risk of rabies to protect them if they are exposed. People at high risk of exposure to rabies should be offered pre-exposure rabies vaccination, including: ◆ Veterinarians, animal handlers, and veterinary students ◆ Rabies laboratory workers ◆ Spelunkers (people who explore caves), and ◆ Persons who work with live vaccine to produce rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin. ◆ Pre-exposure rabies vaccination should also be considered for: ◆ People whose activities bring them into frequent contact with rabies virus or with possibly rabid animals. International travelers who are likely to come in contact with animals in parts of the world where rabies is common and immediate access to appropriate care is limited. For pre-exposure protection, 3 doses of rabies vaccine are recommended. People who may be repeatedly exposed to rabies virus should receive periodic testing for immunity, and booster doses might be necessary. Your health care provider can give you more details. Rabies vaccine can prevent rabies if given to a