《实用英语写作教程》课件—说明文.pptVIP

大连理工大学出版社 Section IV 3.4.1　概述 　　说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体，介绍事物的类别、特点、构造、成因、关系、功用、发展，以及解释事物的原理、规律、运动、变化、产生、消亡过程。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。 说明文的目的是要阐明一个问题、一个观点，要说明事物的起因、来龙去脉、前因后果、事物的内在联系等。 其基本特征是表达方式以说明为主，内容以介绍知识为主，态度以客观地解释为主。说明文的时态较为统一，多用现在时。说明文的主题句通常置于文章的开头，主体部分将对主题进行发挥。 说明文的写作方法除了可以按时间、空间顺序，还可使用例证法、定义法、分类法、因果关系法和比较对照法等方法。 但是，一篇说明文基本上不会单一地采取一种说明问题的方式。 3.4.1　概述 　　1. 例证法。 例证法是最常用、最有效的说明问题的手段。 通过举例，作者能将要表达的意思解释得更清楚， 从而可以帮助读者更好地理解作者的观点。 整篇文章可用一个或多个例子，关键在于用得恰到好处，并且所选例子要典型、生动、具体。以 Dr. Norman Vincent Peale 的Courtesy: Key to a Happier World为例： 　　What are the basic ingredients of good manners? Certainly a strong sense of justice is one; courtesy is often nothing more than a highly developed sense of fair play. A friend once told me of driving along a one-lane, unpaved mountain road. Ahead was another car that produced clouds of choking dust, and it was a long way to the nearest paved highway. Suddenly, at a wide place, the car ahead pulled off the road. Thinking that its owner might have engine trouble, my friend stopped and asked if any anything was wrong. “No,” said the other driver. “But you’ve endured my dust this far, I’ll put up with yours the rest of the way.” There was a man with manners, and an innate sense of fair play. 3.4.1　概述 　　2. 定义法。定义法是说明事物最基本的一种方法，定义说明文要说明事物的本质和特点，力图将要说明的对象与其他事物区分开，语言要求科学严谨。 例如： 　　Self-confidence means trust in ones own ability. As a very important psychological quality, it brings your creative power to play, arouses your enthusiasm for work and helps you overcome difficulties. When asked of the secret of the success, Curie answered: “My success lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular.” 　　本文先给“自信”下了定义：相信自己的能力。 接着对“自信”这一概念进行解释，然后又将“自信”这一概念的内涵进行延伸，形成对定义的扩充形式。 　　当然，有些词语的意思与个人经历紧密联系，无法用正式的定义说明。 一般地说，客观物体可用具体词语说明，而抽象词语的说明往往会受到个人信仰、情感和经验的影响。如 Some Meanings of Authentic Love中的一段： 　　Love means that I know the person I love. I’m aware of the many sides of the other person-not just the beautiful side but als