怎样开好一家化妆品店.ppt

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Chapter 10 Trade Policy in Developing Countries ;Chapter Organization;There is a great diversity among the developing countries in terms of their income per capita. Why are some countries so much poorer than others? For about 30 years after World War II trade policies in many developing countries were strongly influenced by the belief that the key to economic development was creation of a strong manufacturing sector. The best way to create a strong manufacturing sector was by protecting domestic manufacturers from international competition. ;Introduction;From World War II until the 1970s many developing countries attempted to accelerate their development by limiting imports of manufactured goods to foster a manufacturing sector serving the domestic market. The most important economic argument for protecting manufacturing industries is the infant industry argument.;Import-Substituting Industrialization;Import-Substituting Industrialization;Market Failure Justifications for Infant Industry Protection Two market failures are identified as reasons why infant industry protection may be a good idea: Imperfect capital markets justification If a developing country does not have a set of financial institutions that would allow savings from traditional sectors (such as agriculture) to be used to finance investment in new sectors (such as manufacturing), then growth of new industries will be restricted. Appropriability argument Firms in a new industry generate social benefits for which they are not compensated (e.g. start-up costs of adapting technology). ;Promoting Manufacturing Through Protection Import-substituting industrialization The strategy of encouraging domestic industry by limiting imports of manufactured goods Many less-developed countries have pursued this strategy. Has import-substituting industrialization promoted economic development? Many economists are now harshly critical of the results of import substitution, arguing that it has fostered high-cost, ineffic

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