humanism人文主义教材.ppt

. * . content general definition Western humanism Chinese huanism comparison * . general introduction Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually, and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence over established doctrine or faith . The term humanism can be ambiguously diverse, and there has been a persistent confusion between several related uses of the term because different intellectual movements have identified it over time，as well as different nations. * . the development of western humanism 6th-century BCE Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus(米力都的泰勒斯 ）and Xenophanes of Colophon（克勒芬的芬尼斯） were the first to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. The Origin of Humanism: Thales 624 BC – 546 BC Xenophanesc.570 – c.475 BC * . The rise of the Sophists(智者学派): representatives： Protagoras（普罗塔哥拉）（ 490 BC – 420 BC）; Gorgias（高尔吉斯）（ 485 – 380 BC） main idea: skepticism; against superstition;emphasis on the value of man Socratess humanism: pay attention to humans ethics and morals Knowledge is virtue know yourself Aristotle（亚里士多德） and Plato （柏拉图）develop it further the development of western humanism Socrates 469 BC – 399 BC * . the development of western humanism The development of Modern western humanism：  against religious asceticism（禁欲主义） and obscurantism（蒙昧主义） highlights the significance of human， deny god in the pursuit of happiness and freedom in this world Advocate personality liberation respect and promote science and rationality Francesco Petrarca （1304—1374） father of the Renaissance Renaissance（ 14th–17th ）--spring up * . the development of western humanism Renaissance（ 14th–17th ）--spring up The positive influence of humanism Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. Humanism stands for devotion to