《微生物学》专业英语（中英双语翻译）.docx

PAGE PAGE 1 《微生物学》专业英语（中英双语翻译） How Cells Make ATP?ATP is the energy currency of all living organisms.How do orgenisms make ATP?They do so in one of two ways:?1. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Because the formation of ATP from ADP plus inorganic phosphate(Pi) requires an input of free energy, ATP formation of ATP from ation is endergonic, that is,it does not occur spontaneously. However, When coupled with an exergonic reaction that has a very strong tendency to occur ,the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus Pi does take place .The reaction occurs because the rellease of energy from the exergonic reaction is greater than the input of energy required ti drive the the synthesis of ATP. The generation of ATP by coupling strongly exergonic reactions with the synthesis of ATPfrom ADP and Pi is called substrate level phosphorylation.?2. Chemiosmotic generation of ATP. Allorganisms possess transmembrane channel that function in pumping protons out of cells.Peoton-pumping channels use a flow of excited electrons to induce a shape change in the transmembrane peotein , which in turn causes protons to pass outward .As the proton concentration outside the membrane rises higher than that inside , the outer protons are driven inward by diffusion ,passing back in through special proton channels that use their passage to induce the formation of ATP from ADP plus Pi. Because the chemical formation of ATP is powered by a diffusion force similar to osmosis , this process is called chemiosmosis.?阅读材料?细胞如何制造三磷酸腺苷（ATP）?三磷酸腺苷（ATP）是所有生物有机体的能量换算指标。有机体是如何制造ATP的呢？有以下两种方法：?1.基质层的磷酸化作用。由于从二磷酸腺苷（ADP）和无机磷酸盐结构中转化成ATP结构的过程需要外加能量，ATP结构在增幅过程中是吸能的，也就是说，这不可能是自发的。然而，当这个过程和一个有强烈产能趋势的反应结合在一起时，ADP和无机磷酸盐聚合成ATP的反应就会发生。聚合的产生原因是由于产能反应释放的能量比聚合成ATP所需的能量要大。这种聚合反应被称为基质层磷酸化作用。?2.化学渗透凝聚。所有有机体中都存在可以通过某种作用把质子抽离出细胞的横膈膜通道。质子抽离通道利用一系列的活跃电子来引发横膈膜中的蛋白质形变，反过来使质子向外扩散。当膜外质子的浓度高于膜内时，外质子会因分离作用而通过特殊质子通道向膜内移动，从而利用它们的迁移来引发ADP和无机磷酸盐往ATP的转变。由于ATP的这种化学产生分离作用类似于渗透作用，所以这个过程被称为化学渗透作用。 细胞如何使三磷酸腺苷?三磷酸腺苷的能量货币对所有生物organisms.How做orge